This tube is an elongated vacuum tube in which the flattened surface has external components as an electron gun, electron beam, and a phosphorescent screen.
Please refer to this link to Know more about cathode-ray tube. In electronic circuits, the DC power supply is very essential which is used as one kind of power source. The major electronic components work with DC power supply because it is a consistent power source.
A wall adapter is used as an alternate to the DC power supply in some projects which require 5V otherwise 12V. The battery is one kind of electrical energy storage device. This device is used to change the energy from chemical to electrical to supply the power to various electronic devices like mobile phones, flashlights, laptops, etc. These consist of one or more cells and each cell contains an anode, cathode, and electrolyte.
Batteries are available in various sizes which are also divided into primary as well as secondary. Please refer to this link to Know more about Batteries.
An electromagnetic switch like the relay is used to operate the circuits electronically otherwise electromechanically. A relay uses less amount of currents to operate so generally they are used to change low currents within a control circuit. But relays can also be used for controlling high electric currents. A relay switch can be operated through a less current to switch ON a different circuit. These are either solid-state or electromechanical relays. An EMR or electromechanical relay includes a coil, frame, contacts, and armature, spring.
A copper wire or coil is wounded around a metal rod to produce a magnetic field that moves the armature. The conducting parts like contacts are used to close and open the circuit. These relays are very popular because they are inexpensive, reliable, and very fast as compared with electromechanical relays. Please refer to this link to know more about relay.
The term LED stands for light-emitting diode. It is a semiconductor device used to emit light whenever a current supply flows through it. In the semiconductor material, the charge carriers like electrons and holes combine then light can be generated.
When light generates in the solid semiconductor material then these LEDs can be known as solid-state devices. GaP Gallium Phosphide is available in green and yellow colors.
The applications of LEDs includes from cell phones to the large display boards which are used for advertising purpose and also used in magical light bulbs At present, the usage of these devices is increasing quickly because of their extraordinary properties. Please refer to this link to know more about LEDs. A microcontroller is one kind of IC designed to execute a specific task within an embedded system.
Sometimes, these are called MCU microcontroller unit otherwise embedded controller. These are mainly used in robots, vehicles, medical devices, office machines, home appliances, vending machines, mobile radio transceivers, etc.
Please refer to this link to know more about Microcontroller. A switch is one kind of electrical component, used to connect or disconnect the conducting lane within the circuit so that electric current can be supplied or interrupted from one conductor to another. An electromechanical device is the most common kind of switch that comprises one or more electrical contacts that are movable and connected to other circuits.
Once the set of contacts in the circuit are connected then there is a flow of current. It can supply the microcontroller with the necessary power for a split second to avoid a restart. In other words, it filters out the noise on the power line and stabilizes the power supply. Unlike a battery, a capacitor releases its charge rapidly. Your camera batteries charge the capacitor attached to the flash gun. When you take a flash photograph, the capacitor releases its charge in a split second to generate a flash of light.
In a resonant or time-dependent circuit, capacitors are used along with a resistor or inductor as a timing element. The time required to charge and discharge a capacitor determines the operation of the circuit.
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical device that resists the flow of current. It is probably the simplest element in an electronic circuit.
It is also one of the most common components as resistance is an inherent element of nearly all electronic circuits.
They are usually color-coded. A resistor is not a fancy device at all because resistance is a natural property possessed by almost all conductors. So, a capacitor consists of a copper wire wrapped around an insulating material such as a ceramic rod. The number of turns and the thinness of copper wire are directly proportional to the resistance.
The higher the number of turns and thinner the wire, the higher the resistance. You can also find resistors made of a spiral pattern of a carbon film. Hence, the name carbon film resistors. They are designed for lower-power circuits because carbon film resistors are not as precise as their wire-wound counterparts.
However, they are cheaper than wired resistors. Wire terminals are attached to the both ends. As resistors are blind to the polarity in a circuit, the current can flow through in either direction. So, there is no need to worry about attaching them in a forward or a backward direction. A resistor may not look like much. However, it performs a vital function: controlling the voltage and the current in your circuit. In other words, resistors give you control over the design of your circuit.
When electric current starts flowing through a wire, all the electrons start moving in the same direction. Less amount of water will flow through a thin pipe because there is less room for its movement. Similarly, when the current passes through a thin wire in a resistor, it becomes progressively harder for the electrons to wiggle through it.
In short, the number of electrons flowing through a resistor goes down as the length and thinness of the wire increases. Resistors have plenty of applications, but the three most common ones are managing current flow, dividing voltage, and resistor-capacitor networks. It can overheat other components and possibly damage them.
For example, if you connect an LED directly to a battery, it would still work. However, after some time the LED will heat up like a fireball.
It will eventually burn as LEDs are less tolerant to heat. But, if you introduce a resistor in the circuit, it will reduce the flow of current to an optimal level. Thus, you can keep the LED on longer without overheating it. Resistors are also used to reduce the voltage to the desired level. Sometimes, a particular part of a circuit such as a microcontroller may need a lower voltage than the circuit itself.
This is where a resistor comes in. However, the microcontroller needs only a 6V supply. So, to divide the voltage in half, all you have to do is place two resistors of equal resistance value in series. The wire in between the two resistors will have halved the voltage of your circuit where the microcontroller can be attached. Using appropriate resistors, you can lower the voltage within the circuit to any level. Resistors are also used in combination with capacitors to build ICs that contain resistor-capacitor arrays in a single chip.
They are also known as RC filters or RC networks. They are also used in machine tools, switchgears, motor controllers, automated equipment, industrial appliances, elevators, and escalators. A diode is a two-terminal device that allows electric current to flow in only one direction.
Thus, it is the electronic equivalent of a check valve or a one-way street. It is made either of a semiconductor material semiconductor diode or vacuum tube vacuum tube diode. Today, however, most diodes are made from semiconductor material, particularly silicon. As mentioned earlier, there are two types of diodes: vacuum diodes and semiconductor diodes.
A vacuum diode consists of two electrodes cathode and anode placed inside a sealed vacuum glass tube. A semiconductor diode comprises p-type and n-type semiconductors. It is, therefore, known as a p-n junction diode. It is usually made of silicon, but you can also use germanium or selenium.
When the cathode is heated by a filament, an invisible cloud of electrons, called space charge, forms in the vacuum. Though electrons are emitted from the cathode, the negative space charge repels them.
However, when the anode is made positive, the space charge vanishes. As a result, current starts flowing from the cathode to the anode. Thus, electric current within the diode flows only from the cathode to the anode and never from the anode to the cathode. A p-n junction diode comprises p-type and n-type semiconductors of silicon. The p-type semiconductor is usually doped with boron, leaving holes positive charge in it.
The n-type semiconductor, on the other hand, is doped with antimony, adding a few extra electrons negative charge in it. So, electric current can flow through both semiconductors.
When you put p-type and n-type blocks together, the extra electrons from the n-type combine with the holes in the p-type, creating a depletion zone without any free electrons or holes. In short, current can no longer pass through the diode. However, if you reverse the terminals reverse-bias , no current flows through the diode because holes and electrons are pushed away from each other, widening the depletion zone.
So, just like a vacuum diode, a junction diode can also allow current to pass in one direction only. Though diodes are one of the simplest components in an electronic circuit, they have unique applications across industries.
The most common and important application of a diode is the rectification of AC power to DC power. Usually, a half-wave single diode or a full-wave four diodes rectifier is used to convert AC power into DC power, particularly in household power supply.
When you pass AC power supply through a diode, only half the AC waveform passes through it. As this voltage pulse is used to charge the capacitor, it produces steady and continuous DC currents without any ripples. Different combinations of diodes and capacitors are also used to build various types of voltage multipliers to multiply a small AC voltage into high DC outputs. Bypass diodes are often used to protect solar panels.
When the current from the rest of the cells passes through a damaged or dusty solar cell, it causes overheating. As a result, the overall output power decreases, creating hot spots. The diodes are connected parallel to the solar cells to protect them against this overheating problem. This simple arrangement limits the voltage across the bad solar cell while allowing the current to pass through undamaged cells to the external circuit. When the power supply is suddenly interrupted, it produces a high voltage in most inductive loads.
This unexpected voltage spike can damage the loads. However, you can protect expensive equipment by connecting a diode across the inductive loads. Depending on the type of security, these diodes are known by many names including snubber diode, flyback diode, suppression diode, and freewheeling diode, among others. They are also used in the process of signal modulation because diodes can remove the negative element of an AC signal efficiently. The diode rectifies the carrier wave, turning it into DC.
The audio signal is retrieved from the carrier wave, a process called audio-frequency modulation. You can hear the audio after some filtering and amplification. Hence, diodes are commonly found in radios to extract the signal from the carrier wave. Reversing polarities of a DC supply or incorrectly connecting the battery can cause a substantial current to flow through a circuit.
Such a reverse connection can damage the connected load. The diode becomes forward-biased in the case of correct polarity and the current flows through the circuit. However, in the event of a wrong connection, it becomes reverse-biased, blocking the current.
Thus, it can protect your equipment from potential damage. One of the most crucial components of an electronic circuit, transistors have revolutionized the field of electronics. These tiny semiconductor devices with three terminals have been around for more than five decades now. They are often used as amplifiers and switching devices. In the beginning, Germanium was used to build transistors which were extremely temperature-sensitive.
Today, however, they are made from Silicon, a semiconductor material found in the sand because Silicon transistors are much more temperature-tolerant and cheaper to manufacture.
Each transistor has three pins called Base b , collector c , and emitter e. When you sandwich a p-type silicon slab between two n-type bars, you get an NPN transistor. For 7 Resources.
This collection contains important introductory experiments, often qualitative. For 11 Resources. Physics Narrative Practical Activity This quantity, the amount of energy shifted by the bulb each second, is called the electrical power of the bulb.
Electrical Circuit. Appears in these Collections Curated Collection From electrons to electronics Early electronic devices used the behaviour of cathode rays to rectify, amplify and Curated Collection Simple electric circuits This collection contains important introductory experiments, often qualitative.
Batteries convert chemical energy to electrical energy. Fuses help preserve components from overloading with excessive current. A fuse consists of connection body, support, contacts and metal-fuse material such as Zinc or copper. As a protective device, a circuit breaker can be controlled with a remote switch.
It is designed to protect the circuit from overloading or a short circuit. Switches interrupt current. Relays are electromechanical switches that shut power on or off. A relay includes an electromagnet, an armature, a series of electrical contacts, and a spring.
Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Key components include a rotor, stator, bearings, conduit box, enclosure, and eye bolt. From watches, to home entertainment equipment, to vehicles; motors can power a wide array of devices.
What are active and passive components in electronics? Active components include transistors, while passive components include transformers, inductors, resistors, capacitors. Transformers are commonly used to step up or step down power. A resistor restricts current flow. It is used in thermistors and potentiometers.
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