Stage 1, or induction: This phase occurs between the administration of the drug and the loss of consciousness. The patient moves from analgesia without amnesia to analgesia with amnesia. Stage 2, or excitement stage: The period following a loss of consciousness, characterized by excited and delirious activity. Breathing and heart rate becomes erratic, and nausea, pupil dilation, and breath-holding might occur.
Because of irregular breathing and a risk of vomiting, there is a danger of choking. Modern, fast-acting drugs aim to limit the time spent in stage 2 of anesthesia. Stage 3, or surgical anesthesia: Muscles relax, vomiting stops and breathing is depressed. Eye movements slow and then cease. The patient is ready to be operated on. Stage 4, or overdose: Too much medication has been administered, leading to brain stem or medullary suppression.
This results in respiratory and cardiovascular collapse. The exact mechanisms that conspire to produce the state of general anesthesia are not well known. The general theory is that their action is induced by altering the activity of membrane proteins in the neuronal membrane, possibly by making certain proteins expand.
Of all the drugs used in medicine, general anesthetics are an unusual case. Rather than a single molecule acting at a single site to produce a response, there is a huge variety of compounds, all of which generating quite similar but widespread effects, including analgesia, amnesia, and immobility.
General anesthetic drugs range from the simplicity of alcohol CH 3 CH 2 OH to the complexity of sevoflurane 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro fluoromethoxy propane. It seems unlikely that just one specific receptor could be activated by such different molecules.
General anesthetics are known to act at a number of sites within the central nervous system CNS. The importance of these sites on the induction of anesthesia is not fully understood but they include:. A number of different neurotransmitters and receptors are also known to be involved in general anesthesia:.
Although general anesthetics hold many mysteries, they are hugely important in surgery and the field of medicine at large. People experience pain differently, so a surgery that is painful for one person may not be for another. But, there are some surgeries that research…. Local anesthesia numbs a specific part of the body during minor procedures. The dose and type will depend on the person's age and weight, among other….
Included is detail on diagnosis and…. Anesthiologists play a key role in surgery but they have other tasks, from managing the patient's condition during a procedure to advising on pain…. Cosmetic surgery is a type of plastic surgery that aims to improve appearance.
Find out about the types available and get some tips on choosing wisely. What to know about general anesthesia. What are the different types of anesthesia? There are four types: General anesthesia , used for major operations, causes loss of consciousness or puts you to sleep and makes you unable to move. Regional anesthesia, such as an epidural or a nerve block, numbs a large part of the body while you remain awake. Doctors often use regional anesthesia with sedation or general anesthesia.
Local anesthesia numbs just a small area of your body for minor procedures, such as getting stitches or having a mole removed. How do doctors give you anesthesia? How is general anesthesia administered?
For adults and older children, general anesthesia is given through an intravenous IV line. How long does it take for anesthesia to kick in? General anesthesia usually puts you to sleep in less than 30 seconds. Do I get to decide which anesthesia I want? To make the best decision, your doctors will want to know your: Medical history, including any reactions to previous anesthesia Current medications or over-the-counter medicine Known allergies How dangerous is general anesthesia?
Why do I have to not eat before surgery? What are the side effects of anesthesia? After having anesthesia, you might experience: Nausea or vomiting Sore throat Grogginess How does general anesthesia affect my brain and body?
Can I get have an allergic reaction to anesthesia? Do you stop breathing during general anesthesia? How long does anesthesia last? Potential side effects of sedation, although there are fewer than with general anesthesia, include headache, nausea, and drowsiness. These side effects usually go away quickly.
Local anesthesia. This is the type of anesthesia least likely to cause side effects, and any side effects that do occur are usually minor. You may be sore or experience itching where the medication was injected. You may be given a different type of anesthetic or a medication to counteract the side effects. Regional anesthesia. Regional anesthesia is a type of pain management for surgery that numbs a large part of the body, such as from the waist down. This type of anesthesia, including spinal blocks and epidurals, is often used for childbirth.
In fact, an epidural is the most common type of pain control used for labor and delivery. Another type of regional anesthesia — a spinal block — is stronger and is used during procedures such as cesarean deliveries, also known as C-sections.
Spinal blocks and epidurals allow the doctor to surgically deliver the baby without causing pain to the mother, and without subjecting the baby to sedating drugs that might be harmful.
Physician anesthesiologists work with your surgical team to evaluate, monitor, and supervise your care before, during, and after surgery—delivering anesthesia, leading the Anesthesia Care Team, and ensuring your optimal safety. Skip to content. How can you lower your risk of side effects? What are the types of anesthesia and their side effects? The types of anesthesia include the following: General anesthesia.
0コメント